Transaction
Transaction is the basic operation model of the whole Neo network. Wallets, smart contracts and accounts interact with Neo network through transactions. In Neo's P2P network, information is packed as InvPayload for transferring (Inv is abbreviation of Inventory). Different payloads have their special data. InventoryType.Tx indicates transaction data is packed into InvPayload.
Structure#
On Neo blockchain the transaction data structure is as follows:
| Size | Field | Description |
|---|---|---|
version | byte | Transaction version, currently 0 |
nonce | uint | Random number |
sysfee | long | System fee paid for network resource |
netfee | long | Network fee paid for the validator packaging transactions |
validUntilBlock | uint | Transaction validity period |
signers | Signer[] | Sender and the effective scope of signature |
attributes | TransactionAttribute[] | Transaction attributes |
script | byte[] | Script executed on the NeoVM |
witnesses | Witness[] | List of scripts used to validate the transaction |
version#
The version allows the transaction structure to be updated to make it backward compatible. The current version is 0.
signers#
The first field is the script hash of the transaction sender account. Since the UTXO model has been deprecated in Neo N3 and the native assets NEO and GAS turned into NEP-17 assets, the input and outputs fields are no longer recorded in the transaction structure. Instead, the sender is used to track the sender of the transaction.
The rest fields are used to define the effective scope of signature. When checkwitness is used for transaction verification, cosigners except the transaction sender need to define the scope of their signature. See Signature Scope for details.
| Field | Description | Type |
|---|---|---|
Account | Script hash of the account | UInt160 |
Scopes | Effective range of the signature | WitnessScope |
AllowedContracts | Signs array of the allowed contract scripts | UInt160[] |
AllowedGroups | Signs public keys of the allowed contract groups | ECPoint[] |
sysfee#
The system fee depends on the transaction's script, i.e., its size, number and type of NeoVM instructions. The 10 GAS free system fee is canceled in Neo N3. The calculation formula is as follows:
where OpcodeSet is opcode set, OpcodePricei is the cost of opcode i, ni is the execution times of instruction i in the contract script. For each opcode fee refer to Fees for Instructions.
netfee#
The network fee is charged when the user submits a transactions to Neo blockchain as a reward for consensus nodes generating blocks. There is a base fee for each transaction. The transaction is only executed if the fee paid by the user is greater than or equal to the base fee; otherwise, the transaction will be treated as invalid. The calculation formula is as follows:
where VerificationCost is the fee for instructions executed by NeoVM to verify transaction signatures, tx.Length is the transaction data byte length, and FeePerByte is transaction fee per byte, currently 0.00001 GAS.
attributes#
Additional attributes are allowed to be added to transactions of specific types. You need to define the usage type, internal and external data size for each attribute.
Up to 16 attributes can be added to one transaction.
script#
The script that is executed on the NeoVM and determines the effects of the transaction.
witnesses#
witnesses verifies the validity and integrity of a transaction. It includes two attributes.
| Field | Description |
|---|---|
InvocationScript | Executes the script and passes parameters to the verification script |
VerificationScript | Verification script |
You can add multiple witnesses to each transaction, or use witnesses with multiple signatures.
Invocation Script#
Construct an invocation script to add signature:
0x0C (PUSHDATA1) + 0x40 ( 64-byte ) + signature
By repeating this step, the invocation script can push multiple signatures for the multi-signature contract.
Verification Script#
Verification script, commonly known as address script, includes normal address script and multi-signature address script. The address script can be directly obtained from the wallet account. For information about the construction refer to Wallets.
It can also be used as a custom authentication contract script.
Transaction serialization#
In Neo all variable-length integer types except IP addresses and port numbers are stored in little-endian order. When the transaction is serialized, it is executed in the following field order:
| Field | Description |
|---|---|
version | - |
nonce | - |
systemFee | - |
networkFee | - |
validUntilBlock | - |
signers | Need to serializes WriteVarInt(length) first and then other elements of the array |
attributes | Need to serializes WriteVarInt(length) first and then other elements of the array |
script | Need to serializes WriteVarInt(length) first and then the byte array |
witnesses | Need to serializes WriteVarInt(length) first and then other elements of the array |
note
WriteVarInt (value) stores a non-fixed-length type based on the value of value, and determines the storage size according to the range of values.
| Value Range | Storage Type |
|---|---|
| value < 0xFD | byte(value) |
| value <= 0xFFFF | 0xFD + ushort(value) |
| value <= 0xFFFFFFFF | 0xFE + uint(value) |
| value > 0xFFFFFFFF | 0xFF + value |
Transaction Signature#
The transaction signature is to sign the data of the transaction itself by ECDSA method (not including the signature data, i.e. the witnesses part) and then fill in the witnesses in the transaction body.
Here is an example of a JSON-format transaction, where the script and witnesses fields use Base64 instead of the original Hexstring encoding:
{ "hash": "0xd2b24b57ea05821766877241a51e17eae06ed66a6c72adb5727f8ba701d995be", "size": 265, "version": 0, "nonce": 739807055, "sender": "NMDf1XCbioM7ZrPZAdQKQt8nnx3fWr1wdr", "sys_fee": "9007810", "net_fee": "1264390", "valid_until_block": 2102402, "signers": [{ "account": "0xdf93ea5a0283c01e8cdfae891ff700faad70500e", "scopes": "FeeOnly" }, { "account": "0xdf93ea5a0283c01e8cdfae891ff700faad70500e", "scopes": "CalledByEntry" }], "attributes": [], "script": "EQwUDlBwrfoA9x+Jrt+MHsCDAlrqk98MFA5QcK36APcfia7fjB7AgwJa6pPfE8AMCHRyYW5zZmVyDBSJdyDYzXb08Aq/o3wO3YicII/em0FifVtSOA==", "witnesses": [{ "invocation": "DEDy/g4Lt+FTMBHHF84TSVXG9aSNODOjj0aPaJq8uOc6eMzqr8rARqpB4gWGXNfzLyh9qKvE++6f6XoZeaEoUPeH", "verification": "DCECCJr46zTvjDE0jA5v5jrry4Wi8Wm7Agjf6zGH/7/1EVELQQqQatQ=" }]}Signature Scope#
In Neo Legacy transaction signature is globally effective. In order to allow users to control the signature scope at a finer level of granularity, WitnessScope is added to Neo N3 and the signers field in the transaction structure is changed, so that the signature can be used only for verifying the specified contract, preventing unauthorized contracts from using the user signature.
Scopes#
When constructing a transaction, you need to specify the field scopes in signers, which defines the effective range of the signature, including these types:
| Field | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 0x00 | None | The signature is used for transactions only, and is disabled in contracts |
| 0x01 | CalledByEntry | The signature is only effective to the contract script called by Entry. |
| 0x10 | CustomContracts | The signature is only effective to the specified contract script. It can be used in conjunction with CalledByEntry. |
| 0x20 | CustomGroups | The signature is effective to contracts in the group. It can be used in conjunction with CalledByEntry. |
| 0x80 | Global | The signature is globally effective. The risk is extremely high because the contract may transfer all assets in the address. Only choose it when the contract is extremely trusted. |
| 0x40 | WitnessRules | You need to specify the rule and scope. See WitnessRule |
For better understanding, suppose there is a contract invocation chain: [entry]->[Contract A]->[Contract B]->[Contract C]...->[Target]
And the Target contract invokes CheckWitness to verify the signature. The verification result varies when scopes is set to different value.
None- The verification is not passed no matter where the Target contract is.Global- The verification is passed no matter where the Target contract is.CallByEntry- The verification is passed only when the Target contract is entry or Contract A.CustomContracts- The verification is passed only when the Target contract belongs to CustomContracts, a contract list you need to customize.CustomGroups- The verification is passed only when the Target contract is authenticated by any public key in CustomGroups, a public key group you need to customize.
WitnessRule#
Action(Allow|Deny) and Condition
The execution logic is to execute the condition and, if is met, return Action, where Allow represents a successful check and Deny represents a failed check.
WitnessCondition#
Boolean: true|false
“expression” =\<bool>
//Equals to WitnessScope.Global{ "account": "NdUL5oDPD159KeFpD5A9zw5xNF1xLX6nLT", "scopes": "WitnessRules", "rules": [{ "action": "Allow", "condition": { "type": "Boolean", "expression": true } } ]}Not: Logical NOT. It reverses other conditions.
“expression”=\<Condition>
// The signature is allowed only when the contract is not 0xef4073a0f2b305a38ec4050e4d3d28bc40ea63f5{ "account": "NdUL5oDPD159KeFpD5A9zw5xNF1xLX6nLT", "scopes": "WitnessRules", "rules": [{ "action": "Allow", "condition": { "type": "Not", "expression": { "type": "ScriptHash", "hash": "0xef4073a0f2b305a38ec4050e4d3d28bc40ea63f5" } } } ]}And: Logical conjunction
“expressions”=\<Condition[]>
// The signature is allowed only when the contract is 0xef4073a0f2b305a38ec4050e4d3d28bc40ea63f5 and is invoked at entry{ "account": "NdUL5oDPD159KeFpD5A9zw5xNF1xLX6nLT", "scopes": "WitnessRules", "rules": [{ "action": "Allow", "condition": { "type": "And", "expressions": [{ "type": "ScriptHash", "hash": "0xef4073a0f2b305a38ec4050e4d3d28bc40ea63f5" }, { "type": "CalledByEntry" } ] } } ]}Or: Logical OR
“expressions”=\<Condition[]>
// The signature is allowed only when the contract is 0xef4073a0f2b305a38ec4050e4d3d28bc40ea63f5 or is invoked at entry{ "account": "NdUL5oDPD159KeFpD5A9zw5xNF1xLX6nLT", "scopes": "WitnessRules", "rules": [{ "action": "Allow", "condition": { "type": "Or", "expressions": [{ "type": "ScriptHash", "hash": "0xef4073a0f2b305a38ec4050e4d3d28bc40ea63f5" }, { "type": "CalledByEntry" } ] } } ]}ScriptHash: verifies that the current contract matches. It equals to CustomContracts
“hash”=\<UInt160>
// Only the contract 0xef4073a0f2b305a38ec4050e4d3d28bc40ea63f5 is allowd to use the signature{ "account": "NdUL5oDPD159KeFpD5A9zw5xNF1xLX6nLT", "scopes": "WitnessRules", "rules": [{ "action": "Allow", "condition": { "type": "ScriptHash", "hash": "0xef4073a0f2b305a38ec4050e4d3d28bc40ea63f5" } } ]}Group: verifies that the current contract public key matches. It equals to CustomGroups
“group”=\<ECPoint>
// Only the contract authorized by 021821807f923a3da004fb73871509d7635bcc05f41edef2a3ca5c941d8bbc1231 is allowed to use the signature{ "account": "NdUL5oDPD159KeFpD5A9zw5xNF1xLX6nLT", "scopes": "WitnessRules", "rules": [{ "action": "Allow", "condition": { "type": "Group", "group": "021821807f923a3da004fb73871509d7635bcc05f41edef2a3ca5c941d8bbc1231" } } ]}CalledByEntry: Verifies if the current contract is an entry invocation. It equals to CallByEntry
// Equals to WitnessScope.CallByEntry{ "account": "NdUL5oDPD159KeFpD5A9zw5xNF1xLX6nLT", "scopes": "WitnessRules", "rules": [{ "action": "Allow", "condition": { "type": "CalledByEntry" } } ]}CalledByContract: verifies that the previous level contract hash matches.
“hash”=\<UInt160>
// The signature is allowed only when the previous level contract is 0xef4073a0f2b305a38ec4050e4d3d28bc40ea63f5{ "account": "NdUL5oDPD159KeFpD5A9zw5xNF1xLX6nLT", "scopes": "WitnessRules", "rules": [{ "action": "Allow", "condition": { "type": "CalledByContract", "hash": "0xef4073a0f2b305a38ec4050e4d3d28bc40ea63f5" } } ]}CalledByGroup: verifies that the previous level contract public key matches.
“group”=\<UInt160>
// The signature is allowed only when the previous level contract is authorized by the public key 021821807f923a3da004fb73871509d7635bcc05f41edef2a3ca5c941d8bbc1231{ "account": "NdUL5oDPD159KeFpD5A9zw5xNF1xLX6nLT", "scopes": "WitnessRules", "rules": [{ "action": "Allow", "condition": { "type": "CalledByGroup", "group": "021821807f923a3da004fb73871509d7635bcc05f41edef2a3ca5c941d8bbc1231" } } ]}
Example#
Currently you can only define this field when constructing the transaction with SDK. For better understanding you can refer to the following code example in the JSON format.
{ "account": "NdUL5oDPD159KeFpD5A9zw5xNF1xLX6nLT", "scopes": "WitnessRules", "rules": [{ "action": "Allow", "condition": { "type": "Not", "expression": { "type": "And", "expressions": [{ "type": "ScriptHash", "hash": "0xef4073a0f2b305a38ec4050e4d3d28bc40ea63f5" }, { "type": "CalledByEntry" } ] } } } ]}